Figure2 Reaction structure

A disperse dyestuff which includes -COOR, -OCOR, -NHCOR, -CN etc within its structure can be hydrolyzed easily through heat treatment of metallic alkali and will become alkali salt to be solubilized. As a result, its affinity toward the polyester fiber decreases (immunization) and this is applied to resist printing and discharge printing.
It is also appropriate to use major brand thiazol azo dyestuffs which have been used in reduction discharge printing since they can be hydrolyzed easily by alkali heat treatment.

It is recommended to use sodium carbonate, potash, caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate or Remazol Salt FD etc as metallic alkali, however, it is important to choose the right kind, considering the resist printing effect, the sharpness of outline, the influence on effect color dyestuff etc. In general, sodium carbonate alone (solubility in water: 21.6g/100cc, 20) will work just enough, or potash (solubility in water:112g/100cc, 20) can be mixed. Since it is hard to obtain good whiteness, using a solubilizing agent is recommended in order to improve the effect of resist printing.

Table 2 Characteristics of each type of thickener

Thickener	Solidity of stock paste	Resist printing effect	Printability	De-paste property	Touch of paste film	Penetrating agent	Sharpness
Sodium alginate	7%				soft
Guar gum	12%				soft
CMC	10%				soft
CMS	15%				hard
Mineral thickener	20%				hard
Synthetic thickener	5%				soft
Sodium alginate /CMC/CMS	10%				soft
Guar gum /CMC/CMS	10%				soft
Mineral thickener /CMC/ Sodium alginate	15%				soft
Synthetic thickener /CMC/ Sodium alginate	8%				soft

Mineral thickener: ECN-33 (Senka)
Synthetic thickener: Primogum F-30 (Senka) CMC: GFN-120 (Senka)
Sodium alginate : Primogum C-1 (Senka)
Sodium alginate/CMC/CMS: Primogum F-100 (Senka)
CMS: M-print CE (Kyoto Seinori CO., LTD.)

Figure3 Comparison of print amount of each stock-paste
when sodium alginate is 100

Glycerin and polyethylene glycol are recommended as appropriate solubilizing agents, i.e. PEG 300. Comparing the effect of glycerin and PEG 300, PEG 300 has better resist printing effect, and glycerin can be mixed 1 : 1 since it has a great effect on the bleeding of pattern outlines. To have greater resist printing effect (whiteness, sharpness, the dye efficiency of effect color dyestuff), GTG-01 (made by Senka Corporation) is recommended as an appropriate solubilizing agent.
When an alkali resistant thickener is chosen, it is important to consider its resist printing effect, printability, paste removal property. As the most appropriate amount of the above type solubilizing agent used is about 10-15% within resist printing paste, it is important to choose a paste agent which has small fluidity and viscosity changes and also does not lower the sharpness of pattern outlines. Since thickeners are different from each other in their characteristics, it is necessary to use one alone or in an appropriate mix after a total evaluation on them.

Primogum F-30

This is a printing emulsion which has been developed as being kind to the environment and can be used as an O/W emulsion paste since it easily becomes emulsified and thickened with water even under slow stirring. Since Primogum F-30 is composed of oil which does not include a high boiling-point hydrocarbon (mineral turpen), it does not lead to environmental pollution.
A common half emulsion (a printing type O/W emulsion which is produced by fast stirring with mineral turpen, emulsifying agent, water and thickener) is used, in order to improve printing efficiency, penetrative property, leveling property and dyeing efficiency. The mineral turpen within this emulsion will be volatilized in the drying process after printing, therefore, it will disappear almost completely in the print paste. Thus, it does not promote the fixation of dyestuff.
Primogum F-30 can improve printing operation (transferability of print paste, separation of screen mesh, paste splashing etc), and at the same time, the elements within its components cannot be volatilized, even in drying, but will remain in the print paste. Therefore, the dried film will stay soft, and there will be less cracking. Moreover, the elements will foster the diffusion of the dyestuff in fixing (steaming) while obtaining highly concentrated color development. Thus, even when the quality of feed steam is poor, stable color development can be maintained.
If sodium alginate is used alone as a color paste on a fine mesh screen, poor printing with a brush-touch effect will occur, and the printed amount will decrease. Primogum F-30 can increase the permeability of a fine mesh screen, therefore, the printed amount does not decrease as much. By increasing screen permeability, print paste will not be stuck in the screen mesh, and related problems will be avoided. Moreover, increasing the printed amount will raise the efficiency of the dyestuff, and thus, Primogum F-30 will produce favorable conditions for the fixation of the dye. In addition, during the washing process, Primo gum F-30 is helpful in removing unfixed dye, paste agent etc.

2. Alkali resist printing and discharge printing

Figure2 Reaction structure

A disperse dyestuff which includes -COOR, -OCOR, -NHCOR, -CN etc within its structure can be hydrolyzed easily through heat treatment of metallic alkali and will become alkali salt to be solubilized. As a result, its affinity toward the polyester fiber decreases (immunization) and this is applied to resist printing and discharge printing.
It is also appropriate to use major brand thiazol azo dyestuffs which have been used in reduction discharge printing since they can be hydrolyzed easily by alkali heat treatment.

It is recommended to use sodium carbonate, potash, caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate or Remazol Salt FD etc as metallic alkali, however, it is important to choose the right kind, considering the resist printing effect, the sharpness of outline, the influence on effect color dyestuff etc. In general, sodium carbonate alone (solubility in water: 21.6g/100cc, 20) will work just enough, or potash (solubility in water:112g/100cc, 20) can be mixed. Since it is hard to obtain good whiteness, using a solubilizing agent is recommended in order to improve the effect of resist printing.

Table 2 Characteristics of each type of thickener

Thickener	Solidity of stock paste	Resist printing effect	Printability	De-paste property	Touch of paste film	Penetrating agent	Sharpness
Sodium alginate	7%				soft
Guar gum	12%				soft
CMC	10%				soft
CMS	15%				hard
Mineral thickener	20%				hard
Synthetic thickener	5%				soft
Sodium alginate /CMC/CMS	10%				soft
Guar gum /CMC/CMS	10%				soft
Mineral thickener /CMC/ Sodium alginate	15%				soft
Synthetic thickener /CMC/ Sodium alginate	8%				soft

Mineral thickener: ECN-33 (Senka)
Synthetic thickener: Primogum F-30 (Senka) CMC: GFN-120 (Senka)
Sodium alginate : Primogum C-1 (Senka)
Sodium alginate/CMC/CMS: Primogum F-100 (Senka)
CMS: M-print CE (Kyoto Seinori CO., LTD.)

Figure3 Comparison of print amount of each stock-paste
when sodium alginate is 100

Glycerin and polyethylene glycol are recommended as appropriate solubilizing agents, i.e. PEG 300. Comparing the effect of glycerin and PEG 300, PEG 300 has better resist printing effect, and glycerin can be mixed 1 : 1 since it has a great effect on the bleeding of pattern outlines. To have greater resist printing effect (whiteness, sharpness, the dye efficiency of effect color dyestuff), GTG-01 (made by Senka Corporation) is recommended as an appropriate solubilizing agent.
When an alkali resistant thickener is chosen, it is important to consider its resist printing effect, printability, paste removal property. As the most appropriate amount of the above type solubilizing agent used is about 10-15% within resist printing paste, it is important to choose a paste agent which has small fluidity and viscosity changes and also does not lower the sharpness of pattern outlines. Since thickeners are different from each other in their characteristics, it is necessary to use one alone or in an appropriate mix after a total evaluation on them.

Primogum F-30

This is a printing emulsion which has been developed as being kind to the environment and can be used as an O/W emulsion paste since it easily becomes emulsified and thickened with water even under slow stirring. Since Primogum F-30 is composed of oil which does not include a high boiling-point hydrocarbon (mineral turpen), it does not lead to environmental pollution.
A common half emulsion (a printing type O/W emulsion which is produced by fast stirring with mineral turpen, emulsifying agent, water and thickener) is used, in order to improve printing efficiency, penetrative property, leveling property and dyeing efficiency. The mineral turpen within this emulsion will be volatilized in the drying process after printing, therefore, it will disappear almost completely in the print paste. Thus, it does not promote the fixation of dyestuff.
Primogum F-30 can improve printing operation (transferability of print paste, separation of screen mesh, paste splashing etc), and at the same time, the elements within its components cannot be volatilized, even in drying, but will remain in the print paste. Therefore, the dried film will stay soft, and there will be less cracking. Moreover, the elements will foster the diffusion of the dyestuff in fixing (steaming) while obtaining highly concentrated color development. Thus, even when the quality of feed steam is poor, stable color development can be maintained.
If sodium alginate is used alone as a color paste on a fine mesh screen, poor printing with a brush-touch effect will occur, and the printed amount will decrease. Primogum F-30 can increase the permeability of a fine mesh screen, therefore, the printed amount does not decrease as much. By increasing screen permeability, print paste will not be stuck in the screen mesh, and related problems will be avoided. Moreover, increasing the printed amount will raise the efficiency of the dyestuff, and thus, Primogum F-30 will produce favorable conditions for the fixation of the dye. In addition, during the washing process, Primo gum F-30 is helpful in removing unfixed dye, paste agent etc.

Effect of Primogum F-30
(1) It is easy to prepare stock paste with an O/W emulsion.
(2) Trouble at each stage will decrease.
(3) Efficiency of dye fixing will be improved.
(4) Paste removal property will increase.

Table 3 Dyestuffs for ground color:
alkali dischargeable disperse-dyestuffs

Table 4 Dyestuff for effect color:
alkali non-dischargeable disperse dyestuffs

Effect of Primogum F-30
(1) It is easy to prepare stock paste with an O/W emulsion.
(2) Trouble at each stage will decrease.
(3) Efficiency of dye fixing will be improved.
(4) Paste removal property will increase.

Table 3 Dyestuffs for ground color:
alkali dischargeable disperse-dyestuffs

Table 4 Dyestuff for effect color:
alkali non-dischargeable disperse dyestuffs